Jon Heylings yana da shekaru 34 lokacin da ya sami littafin rubutu wanda zai inganta rayuwarsa. Wani ƙaramin masanin kimiyya a Masana'antar Masana'antu, Heylings ya faru a 1990 a yayin da yake ƙoƙarin warware wani asiri. An koyar da shi ilmin guba, an kawo shi kamfanin shekaru uku da suka gabata don jagorantar ƙungiyar da za ta yi aiki don rage haɗarin lafiyar samfuran ICI waɗanda ke ɗauke da maganin kashe kwari. Ya shafe mafi yawan lokutan gwajin gwaji wanda ya zama mafi aminci. Amma ga mamakin Heylings, kamfanin bai sanya su a kasuwa ba. Da yake mamakin yadda ICI ta isa ga yawan sinadarai a sigar magungunan kashe ƙwari da take sayarwa, ya yi wasu bincike a cikin ɗakunan ajiyar kamfanoni. A can ya ci karo da tsohon littafin bayanin kula wanda Michael Rose, babban masanin kimiyya a kamfanin, ya rubuta da hannu shekaru da yawa da suka gabata.
Heylings ya san Rose kuma ya ga abin da ya gano, wanda aka sani a cikin kamfanin a matsayin Rahoton Rose. ICI ta yi amfani da rahoton don tabbatar da yawan abin da ta ƙara wani sinadari da ake kira PP796 a cikin samfuran sa. Amma lambobi da jadawalin da ya gani an rubuta a cikin littafin rubutu ba su goyi bayan ƙarshen da Rose ya jawo a cikin rahotonsa na hukuma ba. Heylings ya fada wa The Intercept cewa "Lokacin da na kwatanta bayanan da ke cikin rahotonsa da bayanan gwajin asibiti na asali, na gano sun bambanta." "Kun sani, daban." Yayin da ingantaccen bincike zai yi la’akari da duk sakamakon da aka samu a gwaji, Rose ta sami “tsinke,” a cewar Heylings. "Ya fitar da wasu bayanai, ya sanya wasu bayanai a ciki."
Matashin masanin kimiyyar ya yanke shawarar cewa dole ne ya gaya wa shugabanninsa game da abin da ya gano - a hankali. "Yana ɗaukar kasada don sukar manyan manajojin ƙirƙira, kun sani?" yace kwanan nan. "Wannan ba wani abu bane da za a tattauna akan kofi." Don haka ya rubuta a memo yin rikodin matsalolin bayanai tare da yin bayanin cewa dangane da shaidar da ya samu yanzu, maida hankali na PP796, ƙari wanda aka yi niyyar karewa daga guba, yakamata ya ninka sau 10 fiye da adadin da ke cikin Rahoton Rose - kuma sau 10 ya fi na matakan a cikin Gramoxone, mafi kyawun samfurin paraquat na ICI. Ya aika da wasiƙar zuwa ga manajansa, wanda ya ba shi tabbacin cewa zai aika da ita ga babbar ƙungiyar agrochemicals. Da gamsuwa cewa ya yi abin da ya dace, Heylings, wanda ya bayyana kansa "mutumin kamfani," ya ci gaba da zama a cikin aikinsa har tsawon shekaru 18.
Takaddun ICI na ciki wanda ya ƙunshi ɓangaren shari'ar kotu a Amurka ana hoton su a ofishin Jon Heylings a Keele University Science and Innovation Park a ranar 15 ga Maris, 2021.
Hoto: Philip Hatcher-Moore na Le Monde
Heylings da Shekarar 1990 da Rahoton Rose, wanda aka fara tsara shi a cikin 1976, suna cikin kusan takardu na ciki 400 da aka duba don wannan binciken, wanda The Intercept yayi tare da haɗin gwiwar jaridar Faransa Le Monde. Fiye da 350 daga cikin waɗannan takaddun sun bayyana Syngenta, magajin ICI, da sauran waɗanda ake tuhuma yayin ci gaba Kotun akan alhakin kamfanonin na raunin da ya faru na mutum saboda fallasa fasali. Ƙungiyoyin sa -kai na Jama'a Eye da Unearthed, haɗin gwiwa na Greenpeace, waɗanda suka yi bincike mai zurfi a kan paraquat da PP796, sun ba da ƙarin dozin guda uku. Tare, dubunnan shafuka masu rikitarwa, haruffan haruffa, da mintuna na saduwa, yawancinsu an yiwa alama "sirrin kamfani" da "sirri," suna ba da labarin rashin jituwa na kamfanoni a gaban samfuri mai haɗari amma mai fa'ida - abin da Heylings ya bayyana a matsayin "makirci a cikin kamfanin don yin shiru."
Syngenta yana kula da cewa yawan PP796 da Rose ya ƙidaya - har yanzu ana amfani da tattarawar a yawancin samfuran kamfanin a yau - yana da aminci. Saswato Das ya ce, "Masu tozarta mu sun ba da gaskiya da ba da takamaiman adadin takardu, wanda galibi ya zama wani ɓangare na tattaunawar gabaɗaya kan ƙirar samfur, kuma ya mai da hankali kan su, yana yin zargin ƙarya dangane da nauyin da muke bayarwa yayin ƙimar aminci," Saswato Das, mai magana da yawun Syngenta, ya rubuta a cikin imel.
Amma a cikin sama da shekaru 40 tun lokacin da Rose ya yi lissafin sakamakonsa, da yawa daga cikin masana kimiyyar kamfanin sun tuhumi maganganun nasa. Kuma a cikin wannan lokacin, dubunnan mutane sun mutu sakamakon guba na paraquat.
Mai Kisa Mai Sauri
Paraquat yana da daraja don saurin da yake kashe ciyawa. Sinadarin ya fara hargitsa membranes na tsirrai da tsoma baki tare da photosynthesis akan saduwa, yana haifar da su bushewa cikin awanni. Saboda yana aiki cikin hanzari, an ba da sanarwar saɓo a matsayin ci gaban aikin gona lokacin da aka gabatar da shi a shekarun 1960. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an yi amfani da ɗaruruwan miliyoyin fam na herbicide a cikin Amurka kawai. Fiye da fam miliyan 10 aka fesa akan masara, waken soya, inabi, da sauran 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari a cikin 2017, shekarar da ta gabata data ya kasance. Kuma yin amfani da katanga yana ƙaruwa yanzu, bisa ga bayanai daga Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Amurka.
Matsalar paraquat - ko ɗayansu - shine sinadarin da ke saurin kashe shuke -shuke da sauri shima yana da guba ga ɗan adam. Mutanen da suka sha ba zato ba tsammani sau da yawa sukan mutu ba da daɗewa ba. Gilashin da aka harba kawai na kayan ya isa ya ƙare rayuwa. Kuma ba kamar wasu guba ba, paraquat ba shi da maganin kashe -kashe. Saboda yana da kisa sosai, dubunnan mutane a duniya sun yi amfani da maganin kashe kwari don kashe kansu. Shekaru biyu kacal bayan ɓarna ta mamaye kasuwar duniya a 1962, an ba da rahoton guba a Ireland da New Zealand. Ba da daɗewa ba masu kisan kai sun zama mafi yawan mutuwar paraquat.
A cikin 1968, ICI ta buge da yuwuwar mafita ga abin da ta yi wa lakabi da "matsalar guba ta paraquat" lokacin da masanin kimiyyar ma'aikata ya ba da shawarar ƙara wani sinadari zuwa Gramoxone wanda zai iya haifar da amai. Yayin da kamfanin da farko ya zaɓi kada ya bi dabarun ƙara emetic zuwa samfuran sa, a wani ɓangare saboda da alama tsada sosai, a cikin 1972, yayin da rahotannin guba suka fara hauhawa, ICI ta koma kan ra'ayin. A waccan shekarar, Cibiyar Poisons ta Burtaniya ta karɓi kira 59 game da paraquat, kamar yadda darekta, Roy Goulding, ya gaya wa masana kimiyyar ICI a gamuwa gudanar da shekara mai zuwa. Mutane shida sun mutu sakamakon shan maganin kashe kwari, gami da yara biyu, Goulding ya gaya wa ƙungiyar, yana ci gaba da roƙon “wani abu da za a yi cikin gaggawa.”
Likitan da ya kalli cikakken lafiyayyen mutum ya mutu bayan shan paraquat da aka yiwa lakabi da maganin kashe kwari “mafi kisa tun bayan bam din atom.”
An matsa lamba don dakatar da mutuwar fasinjoji tare da guba. A cikin watanni biyu na farko na 1974, mutane biyu a Amurka, babbar kasuwa ga kamfanin, sun riga sun mutu bayan sun sha maganin kashe kwari. Wata mata ta kashe kanta ta sha. Kuma wani yaro dan shekara 17 a Hawaii ya mutu bayan da gangan ya sha barasa da aka zuba a cikin kwalbar soda. A lokacin, matsalar ta kuma taso a wasu sassan duniya, da suka hada da Netherlands, Jamus, Faransa, Denmark, da Japan. (Hakanan an fesa Paraquat akan filayen marijuana a Meziko a cikin ladabi na gwamnatin Amurka a shekarun 1970, wanda ke fatan kashe amfanin gona kuma a maimakon haka ya ƙirƙiri babban “tukunyar paraquat” rashin lafiya.) A kasar Ireland, inda mutane 92 suka mutu bayan sun sha barkonon tsohuwa tsakanin 1967 zuwa 1977, likitan da ya kalli cikakken lafiyayyen mutum ya mutu bayan shan paraquat dubbed maganin kashe kwari shine "mafi kisa tun bayan bam din atom."
Amma wataƙila babban abin da ya sa ICI ta fara amfani da wani sinadarin da zai sa jiki ya kori ɓarke da ƙarfi ya fito ne daga Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka. A cikin 1975, ICI da Chevron Chemical Co., waɗanda ke ƙera, rarraba, da siyar da samfuran samfuran ICI a cikin Amurka har zuwa 1986, sun fahimci cewa EPA ta damu matuka game da amincin magungunan kashe ƙwari wanda ke tunanin ƙaddamar da shi ga tsarin bita na musamman. hakan na iya haifar da cire shi daga kasuwa. LR Stelzer, wanda ke aiki da Chevron, wanda kuma shi ne wanda ake tuhuma a cikin shari'ar da ke gudana, "Hukuncin doka na EPA zai yi tsalle a duk wata kyakkyawar dama don kawo matakin soke aiki a kan Paraquat." rubuta ga abokan aikinsa a lokacin. Kasa da makonni biyu bayan haka, ICI ta fara shirin ƙara PP796 zuwa Gramoxone.
An zaɓi miyagun ƙwayoyi saboda yayin gwajin ɗan adam na yuwuwar shi azaman maganin fuka, batutuwa sun ba da rahoton cewa ya haifar da amai. Kamfanin ya yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a sanya PP796 a cikin Gramoxone a kashi 0.05 cikin dari kuma a tashi tsaye don samun kariyar mallakar sinadarin “a duk manyan kasashen duniya,” kamar yadda ya bayyana a cikin Daftarin aiki alamar "sirrin kamfanin."
Dabarun zai ba ICI damar riƙewa da faɗaɗa tallace -tallace na saɓani a cikin kasuwanni inda ta fuskanci barazana daga masu sarrafawa, amma kuma don ƙirƙirar sabuwar kasuwa mai fa'ida ga kanta. Gwamnatoci a duniya, da kuma Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wanda ke kula da ƙa'idodin magungunan kashe ƙwari na ƙasa da ƙasa, a ƙarshe zai buƙaci shigar da PP796 a cikin ƙirar paraquat a kusan kashi 0.05 cikin ɗari. Saboda ICI ta ba da izini ba kawai PP796 ba har ma da wasu mahadi da yawa waɗanda za su iya yin aiki iri ɗaya, zai iya siyar da PP796 ga wasu masana'antun kashe ƙwari.
Matsalar kawai? A wancan matakin, PP796 ba ta da tasiri musamman wajen hana mutane mutuwa.
Wani jadawali daga littafin rubutu na masanin kimiyyar ICI Michael Rose, wanda Heylings ya dawo daga rumbun kamfanin a 1990.
Takardar: Syngenta ne ya samar da shi a cikin karar
Babu Wanda Yayi Amai
Mako guda kacal bayan da kamfanin ya fitar da dabarunsa na ƙasa da ƙasa don gabatar da ɓarna, wani masanin Chevron mai suna Richard Cavalli da ake kira hankali ga cewa kimiyya ba ta goyi bayan shawarar kamfanin na haɗa sinadarin a cikin shirin da aka tsara ba, kamar yadda wata takaddar Chevron US da aka samar a shari'ar ta bayyana a sarari. ICI ta gaya wa Cavalli cewa mutane za su yi jifa a cikin mintina 15 na shan PP796, amma, ya lura bayan duba bayanan mutanen da suka sha motsin rai, “gwargwadon yadda zan iya fada, babu wanda ya yi amai a cikin mintina 15. ”
Sai bayan sati guda Rose ta fito da Rahoton cewa Heylings ya samo a cikin kayan tarihin, wanda ya ba da ilimin da kamfanin ke buƙata don tabbatar da ƙudurinsa. A ciki, Rose ta bayyana cewa mutane sun fi kula da PP796 fiye da karnuka da birai waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don gwada motsin rai kuma ta haka ne za a iya sa mutane su yi amai tare da ƙaramin maganin.
Cavalli, duk da haka, bai ga shaidar hakan ba. "Ina da shakku cewa EPA za ta amince da wannan maganin don amfani da shi azaman inert saboda rashin bayanin da aka bayyana a sama," in ji shi. Kuma, bisa ga 1976 memo daga Cavalli, wanda Chevron ya kawo, Rose bai ga ainihin bayanan ɗan adam da ya rubuta a rahotonsa ba; bayanan sun kasance akan microfiche, kuma an lalata duk kwafin kwafin.
Babu ɗayan abin da ya hana Rose yin zane -zane wanda ya nuna cewa kashi 0.05 cikin ɗari - kashi ne, kamar yadda jami'an kamfanin suka lura a cikin Daftarin aiki wanda aka yiwa alama "sirri" daga baya a waccan shekarar, "ba zai haifar da hauhawar hauhawar farashin Gramoxone ba" - zai iya hana mutane mutuwa daga guba.
EPA da farko ta ƙi ra'ayin ƙara PP796 zuwa paraquat. "Akwai hanyoyi mafi kyau na haifar da amai - ɗorawa makogwaro da yatsa misali," masanin magunguna rubuta zuwa Chevron a 1977. Amma zuwa shekara mai zuwa, ICI ta gabatar da rukunin a wasu ƙasashe da yawa, tare da fatan sabon tsarin zai haifar da ƙarancin mace -mace - da samar da bayanan da za su gamsar da masu kula da Amurka cewa paraquat ba shi da isasshen isa ya ci gaba da kasancewa. kasuwa.
Dangane da tambayoyin wannan labarin, Chevron ya rubuta a cikin wata sanarwa ta imel cewa “Kamfanin Chevron Chemical Company ya ƙaddamar da shirye-shiryen kula da samfuran da yawa waɗanda suka ba abokan ciniki damar amfani da samfuran su cikin aminci, gami da Paraquat. Waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarcen sun haɗa da layin farko na kula da guba mai zaman kansa, hula ta farko da za ta iya jurewa yara, aikace-aikacen horarwa da manoma, guba na Paraquat-kayan jiyya na gaggawa da jagororin likita, da alamar samfurin da ta wuce buƙatun ƙa'idoji. ” Sanarwar ta kuma ce "Kamfanin na Chevron Chemical Company ya gabatar da duk bayanan dabbobi da na asibiti da ake bukata game da Paraquat ga EPA na Amurka, wanda ya amince da tsarin mai dauke da sinadarin."
"Yana da mahimmanci kada a ɗora bege mara kyau ga abin da PP796 zai iya cimma guba."
A shekara ta 1981, shaidu daga Burtaniya da Japan sun bayyana a sarari cewa yayin da PP796 ke sa wasu mutane yin jifa, ba shine mai ceton kamfanin da yake so ba. Wani masanin kimiyyar ICI mai suna Peter Slade ya ce "Babu wata shaidar kididdiga da ta fito cewa emetic ya rage yawan mace -mace tare da samfurin." rubuta a cikin 1981, a cikin abin tunawa Syngenta wanda aka saki ta hanyar binciken. "A mafi kyau, mutane kalilan ne kawai suka tsira daga guba na paraquat saboda haɗarin emetic." Sakamakon ba shi da kyau a cikin abin da ake kira Western Samoa a lokacin. Ko da yake wasu mutanen da suka sha sabon sigar “emeticized” na paraquat a can sun yi amai, “farkon farawar bayan shigar da kayan maye baya taka rawa wajen rage mace -mace,” “sirrin sirri” rahoton ciki akan mutuwar Samoa da aka lura.
Slade ya gargadi takwarorinsa game da bata sunan aikin sinadarin. "Yana da mahimmanci kada a ɗora fatan da bai dace ba game da abin da PP796 zai iya kaiwa ga cutarwa, kuma daidai gwargwado, kada hukumomin rijista su ruɗe su cikin tunanin cewa tsarin emetic zai 'warware' matsalar paraquat," Slade ya lura.
Kodayake ba a san ko wanne kamfani ne ya samar da shi ba, EPA ta sami bayanan da ke nuna cewa PP796 zai sa barcin ya fi tsaro, wanda ya kawo a cikin 1982 yanke shawara ba don ci gaba da binciken sa da yiwuwar hana shi ba. Hukuncin ya ba da damar cewa samfuran gaba za su haɗa da PP796 kuma an lura, "Ƙarin emetic zai haifar da amai cikin sauri, ta hakan yana rage lokacin sha da shaƙuwa."
A zahiri, kawai wata guda da ta gabata, wanda ba a buga ba Bincike ta wani masanin kimiyyar ICI mai suna TB Hart da Amanda Bramley na Sabis na Bayanai na Kasa sun kara sanya shakku kan ra'ayin cewa PP796 na ceton rayuka. "Har yanzu ba mu iya tantance cikakken tasirin tsarin halitta don rage mace -mace ba," marubutan sun rubuta, bayan nazarin abubuwan da suka faru na guba 262 da suka faru a Burtaniya tsakanin Janairu 1980 da Fabrairu 1982.
Wasu a kamfanin sun fara lura da rashin tasirin emetic a Gramoxone shima. "Ya ba ni mamaki cewa abin da muke buƙata shi ne mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi wanda ke haifar da amai a cikin mintuna 5 na hadiye wani abu mai saurin kashe jiki. PP796 bai cika wannan ƙa'idar ba, ”wani masanin kimiyyar ICI mai suna Lewis Smith rubuta a 1984. Smith ya ba da shawarar ƙara adadin ninki biyar, amma hakan bai faru ba.
Ba abin mamaki bane, a duk duniya, mutane sun ci gaba da mutuwa sakamakon shan abin sawa. An ba da rahoton kisan kai da guba mai haɗari a China, Indiya, Italiya, Faransa, da ko'ina cikin Afirka da Kudancin Amurka, a cewar ƙungiyar agaji ta Switzerland. Idon jama'a. A Malaysia, inda aka yi amfani da maganin kashe kwari wajen sarrafa ciyawa a gonar roba, an samu mutuwar mutane 253 a shekarar 1986 kadai. Paraquat kuma ya haifar da wani rikicin musamman a Japan, inda aka yi amfani da shi don kashe kansa da, ta hanyar abubuwan sha masu sa maye saka cikin injinan siyarwa, a matsayin makamin kisan kai.
Ana ganin masana'antar Syngenta a Schweizerhalle, yankin masana'antu kusa da Basel, Switzerland, ranar Nuwamba 14, 2020.
Hoto: Fabrice Coffrini/AFP ta hanyar Getty Images
Kwandon Zaɓuɓɓuka
A lokacin da Heylings ya isa ICI a matsayin matashin masanin kimiyya, kamfanin ya fito da wani gyara ga abin da ya bayyana a cikin 1987 daftarin aiki kamar yadda matsalar '' kasuwanci '' ta haifar da cin zarafin/kisan kai na samfur. Tunda ƙaramin matakin PP796 bai dakatar da guba ba, kamfanin ya yanke shawarar haɓaka ƙarancin dabarun mutuwa wanda zai ɓoye cikin sirri sai dai idan masu nema sun nemi su cire samfurin.
"Shugaban zartarwa ya amince da dabarun samar da wasu madaidaitan dabaru zuwa jihar kasuwanci 'a kan shiryayye' don samar da 'kwandon zaɓuɓɓuka' don bayarwa ga Sashen Harkokin Yanki/Yankuna lokacin da ake fuskantar rikice -rikicen rikice -rikice," takardar 1987 ta bayyana . Waɗannan zaɓuɓɓuka sun haɗa da tsarin ruwa wanda aka sani da "b," wanda ya kasance aƙalla sau biyar fiye da wanda ke kasuwa, da "c," ingantaccen sigar da "na iya haifar da raguwar matakan allura a lokuta masu kashe kansa."
Kodayake Heylings bai san shi ba a lokacin, ICI ta riga ta sani shimfida cikakken bayani game da dalilin da ya sa bai zaɓi sayar da waɗannan sifofin mafi aminci na maganin kashe ƙwari ba: "Gabatar da kowane tsari b) da c) a kan duniya zai lalata ribar Group daga paraquat."
"Gabatar da kowane tsari b) da c) a duniya zai lalata ribar Group daga paraquat."
Wannan ribar tana da yawa. A shekara ta 1987, ana amfani da samfuran samfuran ICI a cikin ƙasashe sama da 140. Kamfanin yana siyar da tan dubu 15,000 na barkonon tsohuwa a shekara, wanda darajarsa ta kai fam miliyan 200.
A cikin 1990, manajan ICI mai suna RA Morrison ya ninka akan ƙudurin kamfanin na kare ribar paraquat. Yana yiwuwa a ƙirƙiri sigar tare da ƙarancin saiti a kowane juzu'i, kamar yadda Morrison ya yarda a cikin Afrilu 1990 memo An bayar da shi ga The Intercept by Public Eye da Unearthed, amma zai fi tsada don samarwa da jigilar kaya. Ta ƙarawa, PP796 ya ninka sau takwas don samarwa fiye da kansa. Bugu da kari, ya yi nuni da cewa, kara maida hankali zai bukaci gina sabbin kayayyakin masana'antu. Yayin da kamfanin ya haɓaka sigar juzu'i na maganin kashe ƙwari don siyarwa a Japan, inda paraquat ya fuskanci yuwuwar janyewa, ana ganin yana da tsada a wasu ƙasashe. Morrison ya rubuta a watan Oktoba na waccan shekarar, "A wannan matakin dillancin, za a ƙara ƙimar tsari da ɗaukar kaya kuma amfanin manoma zai ragu sosai. memo Public Eye da Unearthed ne suka bayar. "Ba mu ga wani dalili na canzawa da sauri daga tsarinmu na yanzu ba."
A cikin martanin imel, Syngenta ya musanta cewa farashin ya yi tasiri ga shawarar da ta yanke game da yawan sinadaran: “Mun ƙi duk wata shawara da ke nuna cewa a cikin haɓaka wannan samfurin Syngenta da magabatansa suna da wani dalili ban da samun mafi dacewa matakin emetic a paraquat zuwa mafi kyau. magance hadarin daga haɗari da ganganci. ”
Syngenta ya kuma tuhumi alhakin kamfani na kashe kansa. Das, mai magana da yawun Syngenta, ya rubuta a cikin imel. “Kusan duk sabbin abubuwan zamani - gine -gine, gadoji, hanyoyin jirgin kasa, magunguna, motoci, mashin, da kayayyakin kare amfanin gona - an yi amfani da su don kashe kansa. Mun yi imanin cewa al'umma na buƙatar magance tushen tushen da mai da hankali kan lamuran lafiyar kwakwalwa, ba ta hana duniya muhimmin fasaha, wanda ya inganta lafiyar ɗan adam gaba ɗaya. ”
"Ma'anar ƙuntatawa tana aiki saboda motsin kashe kansa sau da yawa yana wucewa, yana ɗaukar mintuna ko sa'o'i kawai."
Dalilan da mutane ke zaɓar saɓani don kawo ƙarshen rayuwarsu suna da alaƙa da dalilan da suke ƙoƙarin kashe kansu a wasu lokuta kuma ta kowace hanya. A cewar 2009 binciken na mutane 250 da aka shigar da su asibiti ɗaya daga Koriya ta Kudu bayan sun sha maganin kashe ƙwari, abubuwan da suka haifar sun haɗa da rashin fata, matsalar iyali, matsalolin tattalin arziki, ɓacin rai, cututtuka na yau da kullun, caca, matsalolin makaranta, da al'amuran soyayya.
Tabbas, kamfanoni ba za a iya ɗaukar alhakin wahalar kowa ba. Amma wasu bincike sun nuna cewa hana musamman magungunan kashe qwari na iya rage adadin mutanen da ke kashe kansu. A Sri Lanka, yawan kashe kansa ya hauhawa sosai tare da gabatar da magungunan kashe qwari masu haɗari a cikin shekarun 1960 kuma ya fara raguwa yayin da ƙasar ta fara hana wasu daga cikin waɗannan magungunan kashe ƙwari, gami da ɓarna, a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. "Ma'anar ƙuntatawa tana aiki saboda yawan kashe -kashe sau da yawa na ɗan lokaci ne, yana ɗaukar mintuna ko sa'o'i kawai," in ji Michael Eddleston, masanin ilimin guba wanda ya ƙware a kisan kai na kashe kwari, ya rubuta a The Lancet a bara. A cewar Eddleston, an sami fiye da haka 14 miliyan masu kashe kansu daga shan magungunan kashe kwari tun lokacin da aka gabatar da mafi guba na waɗannan samfuran a cikin shekarun 1950.
Ƙasar Amurka ce ke da adadin kaɗan na wannan kuɗin. An samu mutuwar mutane 18 sakamakon barkewar rikici tsakanin 1983 zuwa 1992, a cewar littafin 1995 “Paraquat Poisoning.” Wani ɓangare na dalilin da yasa ake samun karancin kashe kansa a Amurka shine cewa mutanen da ke da niyyar kashe kansu suna da damar samun manyan bindigogi.
An nuna maganin kashe ciyawa tare da ɓarna, wanda aka dakatar a Brazil tun 2017 saboda alaƙa da cutar Parkinson, a Campo Mourão, Brazil, ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2020.
Hoto: Dirceu Portugal/Fotoarena/Alamy
Barazana ga Manufofin Kasuwanci
Bayan ya fuskanci manyansa game da rahoton Rose a cikin 1990, Heylings ya ci gaba da aiki kan samfurin paraquat mafi aminci wanda ya sanya shi kasuwa, sigar maganin kashe ƙwari da aka sani da Gramoxone Inteon. Wannan ƙirar tana ƙunshe da PP796 a sau uku maida hankali da aka shimfiɗa a cikin Rahoton Rose kuma ya haɗa da wani wakili wanda ya sanya abubuwan ciki na ciki don haka jiki ba zai iya ɗaukar sinadarin mai mutuwa ba.
Sabuwar samfurin ya ɗan inganta rayuwar mutanen da suka sha maganin kashe ƙwari. A 2008 binciken daga cikin mutane 586 da suka yi barna a Sri Lanka sun gano cewa kashi 63.3 na mutanen da suka sha Gramoxone Inteon sun mutu, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 72.9 na mutanen da suka sha tsarin maganin kashe kwari wanda ya haɗa da emetic a ƙananan taro kuma ba shi da wakili na gelling. Syngenta ya fahimci cewa ingantattun bayanan rayuwa na iya tayar da batutuwan da ba su dace ba, wasu daga cikin abubuwan da kamfanin ya shimfida cikin jerin tambayoyi masu yiwuwa kafofin watsa labarai na iya zama. Tambayoyin sun haɗa da: "Shin ci gaban Gramoxone Inteon ne ya haifar da shakku game da amincin Gramoxone?" An umurci wakilan kamfanin su amsa "a'a."
Ko ta yaya, binciken Sri Gramoxone Inteon na 2008 bai gamsar da gwamnatin Sri Lanka ba kuma ya ci gaba da hana sauro a wannan shekarar. Har ila yau, ya yi latti don canza tunani a Turai. A shekara ta 2005, Sweden ta ƙalubalanci amincewar Tarayyar Turai na ɓacin rai dangane da duka guba “marasa warkarwa” da wata matsalar da ta taso: hanyar haɗin kai tsakanin ɓarna da cutar Parkinson.
Shaidar haɗi ya fara bayyana a cikin 1980s. Masanin ilimin likitancin Kanada André Barbeau ya rubuta wata ƙungiya mai “ƙarfi sosai” tsakanin cutar Parkinson da amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwari, gami da ɓarna, a cikin 1985. Manoma tun suna da shekaru 32 an gano su da ɓarkewar cutar neurodegenerative, wanda yawanci ana gani a cikin tsofaffin marasa lafiya, a matsayin wani likita aka bayyana a cikin mujallar ilimin tsarin jijiyoyi bayan shekaru biyu. Gwamnatin Sweden ta mai da hankali kan binciken da aka yi a 2002 wanda ke nuna cewa beraye da aka fallasa ga paraquat sun sami yanayin kama da na Parkinson da na 1990 binciken wanda ya gano mutanen da suka shiga aikin fesa sinadarai sun sami damar kamuwa da cutar fiye da sau shida.
Yayin da wasu ƙasashe ke kawar da magungunan kashe ƙwari, amfani da kayan maye yana hawa a Amurka. An ci gaba da guba.
A cikin 2003, Syngenta ya fara kare kan wannan barazanar kuma. A cikin ciki Daftarin aiki wanda aka samar a cikin shari'ar, kamfanin ya fitar da dabarar sa don magance ƙarin tabbaci na neurotoxicity, wanda ta ɗauka "barazana ga manufofin kasuwancin paraquat na Syngenta." Manajan kula da dokokin duniya na Syngenta ya ba da shawarar matakai don “ɗauke da duk wani tasiri mai tasiri a kan Gramoxone” da “canza mayar da hankali ga babban binciken PD zuwa wasu abubuwan muhalli.” Duk da haka, a cikin 2007, Kotun Tarayyar Turai ta mayar da martani ta hanyar hana magungunan kashe ƙwari.
Yayin da wasu ƙasashe ke kawar da magungunan kashe ƙwari, amfani da kayan maye yana hawa a Amurka. An ci gaba da guba. Dangane da tsarin bayanan abubuwan da ke faruwa na EPA, akwai abubuwan da suka faru na guba 181 da mutuwar 27 da ke da alaƙa tsakanin 1990 zuwa 2014. Yana ɗaya daga cikin mutuwar-na wani ɗan watanni 15 da ya sha barkonon da aka saka a cikin kwandon Gatorade- wanda ya dawo da hankalin Heylings zuwa maganin kashe kwari a cikin 2018.
A lokacin, Heylings, wanda ya bar Syngenta shekaru goma da suka gabata, ya zama farfesa na ilimin guba kuma ya kafa kamfanin kansa mai guba, wanda kwanan nan ya sami kwangila daga gwamnatin Burtaniya don yin nazarin yadda za a iya lalata gashi da fata daga sunadarai daban -daban. Ofaya daga cikinsu, kwatsam, paraquat ne. Kodayake sabon kamfani na Heylings ya sami wasu kwangiloli daga Syngenta, bai yi aiki fiye da shekaru goma ba. Yayin da yake karanta littattafan adabi na baya -bayan nan, ya sami shafi akan Yanar gizo EPA wanda ya rubuta lokuta da yawa na guba na paraquat, gami da na ɗan saurayi mai watanni 15, wanda ya rayu na kwanaki 13 bayan shan paraquat kafin ya faɗi ga gazawar koda da hanta.
Ba da daɗewa ba ya sami labarin cewa an cire Gramoxone Inteon, ɗan ƙaramin yanayin lafiyar maganin kashe kwari da ya shafe shekaru yana gwaji, daga kasuwa. Tare da cikakken bayanin mutuwar yaron a zuciyarsa, ya kai ga tsohon ma'aikacinsa ya nemi ganawa. A watan Oktoba na 2018, ya sadu da ɗimbin ma'aikatan Syngenta kuma ya gaya musu damuwar sa cewa maida hankali kan cutar ba ta da tasiri. Heylings ya bayyana bayanan da ya gani a cikin littafin rubutu kuma ya gamsu cewa aƙalla wasu daga cikin mutanen da ya sadu da su suna koyan matsalar PP796 a karon farko. Heylings ya tuna da cewa, "Waɗannan mutanen sun kasance, kun sani, buɗe bakinsu, suna da ɗaci."
Syngenta ya gayyace shi ya dawo don taro na biyu wanda kamfanin ya raba wani analysis na bayanan PP796 wanda ya yarda da “ƙaramin adadin mutane” da ke cikin bincike da shakin ilimin kimiyya na tsarin Rose. "A cikin kimanta adadin kuzarin da ke cikin mutum Rose ya gane a sarari cewa don martanin kashi na emetic zuwa PP796 akwai 'iyakance bayanai da ke cikin mutum.' Da alama ya duba bayanan da ido kuma ya kawo ƙarshensa, maimakon amfani da kowane tsarin ƙididdiga. ” Har yanzu, rahoton ya ƙare, wani kimiyya takarda, wanda ƙwararrun masanan guba biyu na Burtaniya suka rubuta kuma aka buga su a cikin 1987, ya nuna cewa matakin da Rose ya lissafa yana da inganci.
Amma duk da haka wannan takarda, abin tambaya ne, a cewar Unearthed da Public Eye. A binciken da ba a buga ba, kungiyoyin sun gano cewa Littafin 1987 ya kasa bayyana cewa yawancin batutuwan bincike, yayin da aka gabatar da su a matsayin sun ɗauki Gramoxone, sun ci samfuran da ke da ƙima mafi girma na emetic da ƙananan abubuwan paraquat. Sakamakon haka shine, sake, emetic ya bayyana mafi inganci fiye da yadda yake. Laurent Gaberell ya ce "Na yi mamaki." “Yana da matuƙar yaudara a ce kaɗan. Babu wani abu a cikin wannan binciken da zai iya tabbatar da tasirin emetic a Gramoxone. ”
“Yana da matuƙar yaudara a ce kaɗan. Babu wani abu a cikin wannan binciken da zai iya tabbatar da tasirin emetic a Gramoxone. ”
A wani taro mai zuwa tare da shuwagabannin Syngenta guda biyar, Heylings ya sake ba da labarin tsohon littafin rubutu kuma ya gabatar nunin faifai yana bayanin cewa kimiyyar asali wacce ta saita matakin PP796 a cikin ɓarna ba ta da kyau. Bayan haka, a cewar Heylings, dangantaka ta zama mai sanyi.
Likitan mai guba ya yi ganawa ta ƙarshe da tsohon ma'aikacinsa a watan Afrilu na 2019. Ya ce yana fatan hakan zai sa kamfanin ya fara bincike mai zaman kansa kan ikirarin nasa. “Me zai hana ku ce,‘ Jon, zan gaya muku abin da za mu yi. Za mu haɗu da ƙwararrun masu guba na waje kuma za mu zauna a otal, kuma za mu bi duk wannan, kuma za mu bar shugaban ƙungiyar masu bincike ya yanke shawara. ' Kuma da na ce, 'Babba! Mai farin ciki da hakan! '”
Madadin haka, Syngenta ya aika Heylings a Daftarin aiki wanda ya musanta ikirarinsa game da PP796 da rahoton Rose. Takardar da ba a sanya hannu ba ta ce "Babu wata hujja na kirkirar da ke da alaƙa da rahoton bincike na 1976 kuma kawai babu wani tushe don yin imani marubucin zai sami dalilin ƙirƙira sakamako."
Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Heylings ya tuntubi manajan nazarin sinadarai na EPA don yin paraquat tare da shaidar sa, wanda ya gaya masa cewa ya kamata ya gabatar da batun tare da Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. FAO ta shaida wa Heylings cewa za ta sake duba yawan PP796 a cikin kayayyakin da aka kera, wanda har yanzu yana kan matakin da Rahoton Rose ya kafa. Amma har yanzu kungiyar ta kasa da kasa ta sake fasalta bayanan ta.
A cikin imel na 2019, manajan duba paraquat na EPA ya kuma gaya wa Heylings cewa za ta haɗa da cikakken lissafin matsalolin da ke cikin PP796 a cikin bayanan jama'a akan paraquat. Amma ba a haɗa bayanin nasa a cikin fayil ɗin takardun da ke akwai a bainar jama'a ba.
Lokacin da aka tambaye shi dalilin da ya sa ba a bayyana bayanan da aka gabatar a shekarar 2019 ba, mai magana da yawun EPA Ken Labbe ya rubuta a cikin imel zuwa The Intercept cewa "an yi kuskuren barin wannan bayanin daga cikin bayanan saboda canjin ma'aikata na yau da kullun."
Labbe ya kara da cewa "Hukumar tana hanzarta tabbatar da cewa babu wani bayanan kasuwanci na sirri (CBI) da ke cikin takaddun da Dokta Heylings ya bayar," in ji Labbe. "Idan babu CBI, EPA nan da nan za ta aika da takaddun zuwa takaddar sake duba rajista."
Das, mai magana da yawun Syngenta, ya musanta cewa wani daga cikin kamfanin ya nemi manajan duba fashin ko wani ma'aikacin EPA da kar ya sanya batun Heylings a cikin bayanan jama'a.
A cikin imel ɗin sa zuwa The Intercept, kamfanin ya kuma ƙaryata cewa PP796 ba shi da tasiri a taro a cikin Rahoton Rose. Dangane da ra'ayin cewa babban taro na PP796 na iya sa paraquat ya zama ƙasa da mutuwa, “A yau, mashahuran kwararrun likitocin suna ba da shawara game da matakan emetic dangane da damuwar cewa za su iya ƙara yawan guba,” Das ya rubuta. "Ra'ayin likita ya haɓaka cikin shekaru talatin tun lokacin da Jon ya fara aiki akan wannan samfurin."
A cewar Syngenta, kamfanin ya bincika - kuma ya yi watsi da da'awar Heylings. Das ya rubuta "Masana kimiyyar mu sun kashe daruruwan sa'o'i suna nazarin damuwar sa, daidai da tattauna su da shi," in ji Das. “Hujjar Heylings cewa ƙara matakin emetic yana inganta amincin samfurin yana da sauƙi; Haƙiƙa gaskiya ce mai rikitarwa kuma ra'ayin likita da na kimiyya na zamani baya goyan bayan ra'ayin Heylings. ”
Heylings a dakin bincikensa a Keele University Science and Innovation Park a Newcastle-under-Lyme, Ingila, a ranar 15 ga Maris, 2021.
Hoto: Philip Hatcher-Moore na Le Monde
Yakin Mai Zuwa
Kuma haka ne fiye da shekaru 30 bayan ya sami littafin rubutu, Heylings, yanzu 65, ya sami kansa cikin yaƙi da tsohon ma'aikacin sa. Mutumin kamfanin sau ɗaya yana iya tsammanin zai sha wahala. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, shaidun da ke ɗaura saɓani ga cutar Parkinson ya girma. Syngenta, Chevron, da sauran masu kera magungunan kashe ƙwari suna gab da zuwa shari’a a cikin ƙaramin matakin a cikin Illinois, wanda aka shigar a madadin mutanen da suka kamu da cutar bayan ɓarna. An riga an cire Heylings a cikin karar kuma ya ce yana sa ran bayar da shaida a matsayin kwararren masani ga masu shigar da kara a shari’ar, wanda aka shirya za a fara a watan Mayu.
Syngenta kuma yana musanta ra'ayin cewa paraquat yana haifar da cutar Parkinson. "Nauyin shaidar kimiyya ba ya nuna wata alaƙa tsakanin alaƙar da ke tsakanin paraquat da ci gaban cutar Parkinson," Das ya rubuta wa The Intercept. "Muna ɗaukar waɗannan da'awar da mahimmanci kuma muna da niyyar kare su da ƙarfi."
Heylings, wanda ya bayyana kansa ga The Intercept a matsayin "ɗan farar hula," ya ce shi ma baya ja da baya. "Idan na yanke shawarar yin watsi da wannan yanzu, yaya zan ji a cikin shekaru 10?"
Amma duk da haka farfesan yana fuskantar kamfanin da ke da dimbin albarkatun da zai kashe wajen kare magungunan kashe kwari. Syngenta, wanda ke da tallace -tallace sama da dala biliyan 13 a shekarar 2019, yanzu ya zama na biyu na ChemChina, kamfanin sinadarai na kasar Sin, wanda ya saya a cikin 2016 kan dala biliyan 43. Yana da kyau a lura cewa Switzerland, inda Syngenta har yanzu tana da hedikwata, da China na cikin ƙasashe sama da 50 da suka hana yin faretin.
"Bai kamata mu taɓa yin amfani da paraquat da fari ba."
A cikin Amurka, inda yanzu EPA ke yin bitar rijistar ta, yin amfani da kayan maye har yanzu yana hawa. A bara, a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan tsarin, hukumar ta ba da shawara sabbin matakan tsaro don maganin kashe kwari, gami da hana amfani da paraquat na sama don duk amfanin sai dai bushewar auduga; iyakance matsakaicin adadin da za a iya amfani da shi don alfalfa; kuma yana buƙatar ƙari na harshe game da gushewa akan lakabinsa. A cewar yawancin masana kimiyya masu zaman kansu, waɗannan canje -canjen basu isa ba.
Nathan Donley, babban masanin kimiyya a Cibiyar Bambancin Halittu, wanda ya yi nuni da illar da magungunan kashe qwari ke da shi namun daji, da mutane. "Kimiyyar a bayyane take a kan hanyar haɗin gwiwar Parkinson." Amma duk da haka Donley ya kasance mai shakka cewa EPA za ta cire shi daga kasuwa. Dokar da ke kula da ƙa'idojin magungunan kashe ƙwari, Dokar kashe ƙwari, Fungicide, da Dokar kashe ƙwari, tana amfani da nazarin fa'ida wanda zai ba hukumar damar yin watsi da illolin da suka danganci fa'idar tattalin arzikin samfur. Kuma paraquat ya zama da amfani sosai don kashe ciyawar da ta zama mai juriya ga wani maganin kashe ƙwari, glyphosate. Donley ya bayyana ci gaba da maye gurbin wani sinadari mai haɗari da wani a matsayin “the magungunan kashe kwari. "
A halin da ake ciki, har yanzu mutane na guba da guba. A Amurka, maganin kashe kwari ya kashe aƙalla mutuwa guda a shekara tun 2012, a cewar wani 2019 binciken da Donley. Babu wanda ke da takamaiman adadin mutanen da suka mutu ta hanyar shan kayan maye. Amma Eddleston, masanin ilimin guba wanda ya yi nazarin magungunan kashe kwari sosai, ya yi kiyasin cewa an sami “dubunnan mutuwar daga guba na paraquat, mai yiwuwa sama da 100,000.”
Syngenta ya ce ya yi nadama kan wannan asarar. “Mun ga abin takaici ne cewa an cutar da mutane ta hanyar shiga cikin hatsari ko ganganci da yin amfani da barkonon tsohuwa, samfurin da ke taimaka wa manoma su samar da abinci. Muna tausaya wa zafin waɗanda suka rasa ƙaunatattunsu. Babu wanda ya isa ya yi maganin mutuwar ganganci da ƙaunatacce. ”
Heylings ya ce zai gan su a kotu.
An ba da rahoton wannan binciken tare da haɗin gwiwar Stéphane Horel a Le Monde.
The Ƙasar ta kashe kansa ta kashe yana ba da tallafi na awanni 24 ga waɗanda ke fuskantar matsaloli ko na kusa da su, ta hira ko ta waya a 1-800-273-8255.
Source: https://theintercept.com/2021/03/24/paraquat-poisoning-syngenta/